Druva’s Guide to
Ransomware Recovery Readiness

Ransomware is malware that prevents users from accessing their personal, work, or system files in order to demand a ransom payment. The idea is that access will be restored once the ransom is paid, but there is actually no guarantee this will happen.

Ransomware may access a computer system via a number of vectors. Phishing spam is among the most common delivery systems. This involves sending email attachments that appear to be trusted files to the victim. After the victim downloads and opens the attachment, it takes over the computer.

Ransomware with built-in social engineering tools is particularly dangerous because it tricks users into allowing administrative access. Certain aggressive types of ransomware don’t even need to trick users, bypassing them entirely to infect computers by exploiting security holes.

There are several ways ransomware might encrypt a victim’s files, but in any case, only the attacker will have the decryption key for the files. A variation on this theme is doxware or leakware, which threaten the victim not with encrypting files, but with public exposure of private files including sensitive data.

Ransomware by the Numbers

According to the 2022 "Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report," ransomware attacks surged dramatically in 2022, and were involved in 25% of all data breaches.

Druva commissioned a 2022 IDC survey of over 500 IT leaders on cyber attack readiness and found striking results — most organizations believe they’re ransomware-ready, but the data says otherwise.

• 85% of organizations claim to have a ransomware recovery plan in place, yet 67% of those same organizations paid the ransomware in the event of a successful infection.

• 92% of those surveyed claim their data resiliency tools are efficient, but only 14% are “extremely confident” in their ability to recover.

• 93% claim to use automated tools to find the ideal recovery point, yet the inability to find this point was cited as the #1 reason for data loss in those experiencing ransomware. 

Druva estimates 46% of all organizations or more were successfully attacked in the last three years… and of those, 50% lost data! 

Get the full report for more key findings.

The Importance of Being Prepared for a Ransomware Attack

Given these striking findings, IT leaders are quickly realizing that the best approach to keeping their business-critical data safe goes beyond basic data security. While traditional approaches emphasize a company’s ability to protect against threats, a new comprehensive approach, deemed data resilience, refers to both an organization’s ability to “bounce back” by not only preventing threats to their data, but also recovering clean data quickly following a breach. 

No matter the cause, a resilient organization should be able to effectively minimize disruption by leveraging a flexible, scalable cloud-first solution for unified backup and recovery.

Ransomware is based on the three-step protocol of cryptoviral extortion that happens between attacker and victim.

Cryptoviral Extortion

In step one, the attacker generates a key pair and stores the public key secretly in the malware. The attacker then either releases the malware generally into the world or targets a victim specifically. Step one is in the direction of an attacker to the victim.

In step two, the attacker needs the victim’s system to respond to carry out the cryptoviral extortion attack and waits for the response. The ransomware encrypts the victim’s data by generating a random symmetric key and encrypts that key using its public key.

This hybrid encryption process generates the symmetric ciphertext of the victim’s data and a small asymmetric ciphertext. To prevent recovery, it zeroes the original plaintext data and the symmetric key.

The victim receives the ransom demand message that includes asymmetric ciphertext and payment instructions.

Finally, in step three, the attacker either does or does not receive the demand payment. They may or may not return the symmetric key to the victim or use their key to decipher the asymmetric ciphertext. In other words, the victim may pay the ransom or not, and either way may not receive access to their data.

Unfortunately, symmetric keys cannot help other victims because they are randomly generated. The attacker’s private key is never exposed to victims.

Delivery of the Ransomware Payload

Social engineering is a common way attackers deploy ransomware and are often part of a multi-step cyberattack. Hackers research potential targets using various social media platforms to find security vulnerabilities. Attackers will seek out ways to gain the target’s trust so they can successfully deliver ransomware and gain access to information.

Phishing emails are a common form of social engineering attack that trick the victim into opening an attachment or clicking a link by claiming urgency. Typically, attackers enter a system and deliver ransomware payloads using a trojan of some kind, such as a malicious email attachment, an embedded phishing link, or a network service vulnerability. Once the trojan pierces the system, the program runs a payload.

The ransomware payload either locks the system or claims to do so — for example, by displaying a fake warning about pirated media or illegal activities. Simpler payloads restrict or block the system unless or until the victim pays. They might do this by modifying the partition table and/or master boot record to stop the OS from booting until the attacker repairs it, or by setting the Windows Shell to itself. More sophisticated payloads actually encrypt files using strong encryption.

Since payment is usually an attacker’s goal, it is essential for them to find a convenient digital payment system that is difficult for law enforcement agencies to trace. Typically these include digital currencies like Bitcoin, premium-rate text messages, pre-paid voucher services such as paysafecard, and wire transfers — although cryptocurrencies have quickly become the payment option of choice.

Though these examples are fairly comprehensive as of this writing, hackers are continuously refining phishing techniques to improve the yield from ransomware. The following is a selection of common ransomware attacks.

Crytpo-malware

Crypto-malware such as the WannaCry ransomware attack from 2017 simply targets and encrypts folders, files, and hard drives. This is a classic ransomware attack, and in the case of WannaCry, it targeted systems running Windows OS and demanded ransom in Bitcoin.

Doxware

Doxware, extortionware, or leakware is from all the same subset of ransomware and demands ransom or threatens to publish your stolen information online. This is the kind of attack typically linked to personal photos and other sensitive files.

Locker ransomware

Locker ransomware is so named because it infects the target operating system to lock out the user entirely. This kind of ransomware is most often Android-based and makes it impossible to access any applications or files. CryptoLocker, which generated a 2048-bit RSA encryption key pair, is an example of this kind of ransomware virus.

Mac ransomware

Since 2016, ransomware has been spotted on Mac operating systems. This form of ransomware infects Apple systems and encrypts victims’ files through an app called Transmission.

Mobile ransomware

Mobile ransomware has been present at scale since about 2014. It works basically same as other ransomware strains but is delivered through apps, leaving users with “locked” messages and non-functional mobile devices.

Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS)

Ransomware-as-a-Service is malware anonymously hosted on the dark web and offered by cyber criminals to a third-party. These hackers manage each step, including distributing the payload, managing ransomware decryptors, and collecting payments, for a share of the ransom.

Scareware

Scareware imitates an antivirus tool, “detecting” problems on your system, and demanding a ransom to resolve them. Some scareware locks victim systems, while others flood the screen with pop-ups.

A multi-layered approach to security is the best way to stay protected, keeping in mind a breach may still be inevitable. While the best method to negate the effects of ransomware emphasizes resilience and ransomware recovery rather than prevention, use the following strategies and tools to help avoid a breach:

Use up-to-date antivirus and security software

• Install and use a reputable antivirus and security suite that goes past viruses and includes mobile ransomware and ransomware removal tools. Always keep all software and anti-ransomware tools up-to-date to best guard against new ransomware variants.

Update your software and operating system

• Ransomware attackers look for new security vulnerabilities to exploit that have not yet been patched, so update software frequently.

Do not open email attachments automatically

• Email attachments are among the main ransomware infection vectors. Avoid opening attachments or emails with untrusted or unfamiliar senders. Phishing spam in particular may contain legitimate-looking links that actually contain malicious code that can stop you from accessing your sensitive data.

Do not trust email attachments with macros

• Any email attachment that demands that you enable macros to see it should be viewed as suspect. Macro malware can infect multiple files once it is enabled, so do not enable macros, and always delete these emails unless you are absolutely certain of their source.Do not open email attachments automatically

Back up important data externally

• Backups don’t do any good if they are also encrypted by an attacker, so an air-gapped backup (not attached to the network) is critical to avoiding loss from ransomware attacks. Backup files that are stored entirely separately, either in the cloud or otherwise off-premises, allow for an easier refusal of a ransom demand and a quicker recovery.

Use cloud services

• Using cloud services, for example, to back up and recover after a ransomware attack, can help mitigate the damage and allow your business to roll back its files to their unencrypted form.

Never pay the ransom

• It is unlikely paying will resolve the problem, or allow the victim to recover the encrypted data, and may make it worse, confirming for the hacker that they found a good target.